Development of The Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Development of The Constitution - Essay Example The English legal system denied provisions granting necessary resources and protection to the people accused of crimes; unless the allegations were proven true. It was the American law which initially offered legal asylum to the accused groups (Paul, 2006). The legal asylum does not imply special and lenient treatment, rather the defendants were provided with minimum services to defend their position. The intent of such measures has been to bring credibility to the judicial system of the United States. Before 1960s, the courts were reluctant to offer counsel services to the accused groups. The services for the counsel were either limited or rejected; the provisions for counsels were provided based upon the financial standing of the accused groups. It was in the case entitled Powell v. Alabama 1963, when the court favoured the counselling services for the accused groups; the ruling encouraged the states to offer judicial protection to the accused groups through counselling. This was considered to be the first ruling which blatantly refused and challenged the interpretation of the British law; the law which discouraged any such counselling provisions for the accused groups. The court ruling considered it to be the legitimate demand of the defence for provisions of legal counselling services; however the court involved the states to determine the extent and nature of counselling to the accused groups. In 1942 during the hearing of Bett v. Brady, the court ruled it necessary to provid e adequate legal protection to the accused group through counselling; however the requirement of legal counselling through lawyer to the accused group shall be evaluated on the basis of necessity. Such rulings confirmed that American law was adopting distinct approach, and in some cases challenged the interpretation of the English law. In 1960 the American law confirmed and reiterated its resolution to provide

Press Statement Essay Example for Free

Press Statement Essay An approach to aspects of a child abuse investigation in a modern society using police and community cooperation (A reference to the media)   Ã‚   As traditional communities erode and our societies become more diverse, feelings of insecurity grow, fear of crime increases and questions of identity and citizenship come in question A threat on the safety of our children has culminated to an investigation into the cause and the socio-political aspects of the problem. Our law officers and the stakeholders of the social welfare are investigating and researching on various socio perspectives and trends that are described as possible factors leading to the problem. It’s not commonplace in this society to have incidents of child abuse and as such we are working towards stemming down any possible link and also address the problem collectively through arresting those perpetrating such crimes.   Ã‚   Out of every ten children in our community one of them has reported abuse or aggressive behaviour. 17% of the children report that their attackers were burly or sickly looking. 25% of the children are now afraid of venturing into the neighbourhood. The rate of these abuses has rose up with up to 11% which is a considerable rate.    We have checked on any psychopathic connections to the few cases that have been reported. We are also evaluating theories and investigating curtails that have suspect characters that are substance abusers and their possible involvement. We are comprehensively analyzing socio-economic factors as well as ideological issues which could be eliciting the problem. We believe some people might have ideologies which force them to think and argue that children rights and safety are not important. These ideologies result to hate against children. We also view childless individuals who have developed frustration and stress levels might be involved due to obsession with the idea of harassing other people’s children due to this frustration.      We are establishing stereotyping, class and other social factors which have negative impacts on children social groups. Apart from these theories we understand victimisation based on family and social feuds might victimise children. We are working on looking into any possibilities of parents, select social classes, estate neighbourhoods and school based feuds as being the cause of the problem. Some disgruntled parents or neighbours might be trying to settle scores, seek payment of a debt, drug money and illicit business dealings and other bad dealings gone sour might be causes. We are establishing all these theories so that we can close in on the perpetrators so that not a single aspect of the problem will result to unjust prosecutions or any victimisations.   Ã‚   As members of the society we understand that there are various socio-political aspects of crime pattern and jurisdiction that we have to flow and collectively approach when dealing with suspects. We assure the members of the society that we will not victimise or arrest any suspect without credible evidence on his involvement or connection. We understand and respect all human rights and abide by principles of justice. No suspect will be charged until investigations establish credible evidence of involvement. This will be done according to the law and we will emphasise on justice being administered in accordance to all penal codes as stipulated and comprehensively understood in the judicial system. We attribute rise in crime and related social anomalies to changes in economic structure are altering the pattern of regional inequalities (UNICEF 2006).    On the other hand we blame radical political changes on the faà §ade of some expression values, especially in the fourth estate. Too much exposure of various aspects of the judicial system acts to people with criminal intent has increased affableness to crime due to the knowledge and criticism on aspects of legislation and police action on the issues as well as the legal loopholes. We are encouraging more concise and distinctive media education and publishing in judicial and social values content so that we can have a responsible and safe society. We are sure that political dividing lines of class and religion are eroding and cannot sustain values and ethics of safe and respectable humanity.   Ã‚   The perception of increasing violent crime, often drug related, has gone along with a rise in anti-social behaviour: petty criminality such as vandalism on housing estates, or extreme rudeness, disrespect and lack of consideration for others. (Liddle Lerais 2006). We expect that all acts against children will come to book in accordance to the United Nations act that protects children against anti-socio behaviour on children (UN 2007). We are optimistic we will arrest and put behind bars those involved and successfully contain the problem. Sources (Liddle Lerais 2006) Europes social reality: pp 5 UNICEF United Nations (www.undp.com )

Al Capone Biography :: Biography

Al Capone was an Italian criminal working the streets of America. He started his life with petty crime in Brooklyn, New York. After escalating his way up in Brooklyn, Capone moved to Chicago for bigger and better things. There Capone had prominence supremacy as one of the giant bootlegging forerunners. His collected and composed ways, made crime into a business that we see in today's mafia. Capone changed crime into a profession, which in turn made it a business. The word mob or mafia is a title that is often heard. When the name Capone is associated with the title, most people think of Capone as the true influence of the mob or mafia today. Capone was a man who of the many prohibition leaders, lead the way for the mafia in the early 19 hundreds. Due to the prohibition era, Al Capone transformed the mafia into today's business like criminal organization. Organized crime in the 19th century, was an ever booming scene for the average citizen. Since the 19th century, crime and business seemed to have gone hand in hand since the prohibition days of Capone. Long before Al Capone became involved in bootlegging, his excitement in life was the economic opportunity of being a gangster on the streets. As soon as Capone reached the legal age of fourteen, he dropped out of school to live this economic dream of making money as a gangster on the streets. 1.Al Capone was convinced that the opportunities for personal advancement and material success were not available through legitimate means, and so Capone turned toward the crime profession of bootlegging. Capone was a smart man with a mission. 2.His mission was to succeed as a criminal in a business like matter. Although prohibition was clearly illegal, Capone used his prohibition as a business. His attire was that of a rich business man, along with his ways of talking were also that of a business man. Everything Capone did was set to flow like a business, and prohibition help him act out his business ways. Capone used prohibition to 3.make over a modern city for his own use, and lived off it as blatantly and richly as a caesar of Rome. This edict that Capone presented, seem to have establish the standards for the ways of the mafia today. With this method of doing business, it would only dispense the mafia with more control over meaningful people in their pursuit of organized crime both then and now. 4.There are several cases on record about Capone in which the cases became more clearer when put in the light of an analysis of how the mafia enterprise

Tom Regan’s Animal Rights, Human Wrongs

Animal rights, or the establishment and the idea of them being official, have become an increasingly interesting controversy for quite some time. The topic seems to question the common morality and ethics of man, while simultaneously questioning practices that target humanity’s safety, luxury, and in some cases, survival. In such a debate, three articles come to mind.The debating articles: â€Å"Cow VS Animal Rights†, â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs†, and â€Å"Proud to be a Speciesist† all deliver a very strong argument to the topic, yet making it quite difficult to ignite a solid solution around the topic, being that each article is elaborate and thorough in arguing their point. In â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs†, the idea of animal rights is directly and thoroughly supported.Written by Tom Regan, the article presents a several cases of animal cruelty in a seemingly attempt to put the reader in a parallel perspective of each animal in attempt to cause the reader to feel sorry or some form of sympathy for each victim. Regan challenges the methods of hunting, industrial forming, and scientific practices on animals, and, using his pity-the-victim strategy, urges the realization of the rights of animals as a group that stands side by side with the humans in matters pertaining legal rights.In Stephen Rose’s article â€Å"Proud to be a Speciesist†, this thought is contradicted directly. Stephen Rose gives an entirely different perspective and idea on the matter of animal rights. In the article, Rose proposes a situation in which the rights, if any exist at all, of mosquitoes and other pests are violated once they’re exterminated by human choice. This situation provides a just argument, being that such pests are killed all the time, yet, if they were ever to attain such rights, concerns questioning their existence would arise and put a complicated spin on the basics of life itself.In â€Å"Cow VS Animal R ights Activist†, written by Linda Hasselstrom, a different view is exploited. The article retains a neutral perspective, being that the writer explains the uses of animals (primarily cows) but does not refrain from informing the reader of all the cow endures while under human use. Even so, Regan uses pathos while illustrating each animal’s demise to convince the reader to share the same view, or â€Å"ideal†, in the matters concerning animal rights.In each situation, he gives a victim, portraying each one as innocent and helpless, and then he gives the description of their death. He paints incredibly vivid pictures of the situation by elaborating on what would presumably be the last moments each animal experienced before their death. Rose, on the other hand, uses a weak form of egos in his writing. Arguing solely from his position as a researcher, Rose has dim credibility and most of his arguments are biased from the perspective of a researcher.This is made obvio us when he tries to justify animal research by claiming that it has resulted in many cures for diseases human encounter today. Hasselstrom’s form of logos contributes to her argument in a seemingly complementary fashion. From her perspective, she simply states the pros and cons of ranching and hunting, as well uncover the hardships faced by ranchers that many activists seem to overlook. With all of these arguments at point, the matters of animal rights will remain a controversy as long as the morals and ethics of the common man play a part in its decision.

Migration from developing countries Essay

Migration process originated from ancient times when people move from this place to other place due to the exhaustion of nature resources. Pass thousands year of development, people have not only searched for natural resources for their demand but also they have looked for a life with high quality of living, education and social security. Nowadays, there are many people living for away from their home country. Environmental problems, poor, conflict and riot, corruption and gap between rich and poor countries are all factor cause migration. As the matter of the fact is almost migrants move from developing countries to developed countries such as the United States, Canada, France, Italy and Germany to find stabilization and freedom. According to United Nations (2013), 3.2 percent of world’s population – over 230 million people were international migrants in 2013. Moreover, migrants have significant influence in not only society but also economy of both abandoned countries and the countries they are moving to. Although, migration could lead to brain drain and income inequality but migration from developing countries to developed countries should not stopped because it provides considerable labor for the shortage of workers in developed countries as well as reducing the poverty in developing countries. Migration should not be stopped because migrants from developing countries are providing a large proportion of worker for labor shortages in developed countries. According to a report from International Business Leader (n.d), more than 40% of labor forces in the Gulf region are migrants. Additionally, the labor workforce in the United States is increasing because of growing of international migration. Foreign-born persons (in the United States) accounted for 16.4 percent of the local labor force – 23.1 million people (Singer 2012). Furthermore, over one in every four foreign workers in the United Stated are Mexican – made up approximately 4 percent of labor force (Grieco & Ray 2004). Furthermore, according to Labor Force survey of Eurostat (2013), in 2012, 8.6 million foreigners who came from outside Europe worked in 27 countries in Europe. These data figures suggest that the supplementation of migrants from developing countries into labor force in developed countries were strong evidence for the benefit of migration. However, it has been argued that migration leads to brain drain in developing countries. The International Organization of Migration (IOM) estimated that Africa has lost one-third of its human resources,  particularly skilled people (Siddiqui, 2012). Since 1990, proximately 20,000 doctors, university lectures, engineers and other professionals have gone to developed countries every year (Unesco, (n.d)). This view claims that brain drain is a worrying problem in some countries that have a small number of qualified people in workforce. For example, Ethiopia has the highest rate of losing human resources. Over 10 -15 years ago, 50% of Ethiopians did not come back their country after finishing their courses in foreign countries (African Renaissance Ambassador (n.d)). Moreover, between 1988 and 1991, 74,6% of human capital from many different organizations was lost in Ethiopia (African Renaissance Ambassador (n.d)). Additionally, 75% Jamaicans who are highly educated have been in the United States (Newland, 2003). According to Migration Policy Institute, a huge proportion of highly skilled people – 12% of population in Mexico is working in the United States and 30% of its was PhDs (Newland, 2003). Therefore, if losing highly skilled people continues, impact of brain drain from migration to developing countries is enormous. The is no denying the fact that developing countries have lost many highly skilled people due to migration but they also got benefits from its. Firstly, developing countries received a lot of remittances from migrants. In 2010, according to the Factbook’s, remittances from migrants sending back to developing countries increased from $307 billion in 2009 to $325 billion in 2010 – three times the size of official development assistances (Theguardian, 2010). Most of remittances amount are transferred to middle- income countries. Furthermore, remittances have an important role in some poorest countries that made up to 25% of countries’ GDP (Theguardian, 2010). Secondly, there is a trend for migrants to return their home countries taking new skills and knowledge back with them base on policies for attracting talent of the government in developing countries. For example, Chinese government has attached special important to seek and develop talent for Chinese living aboard in recent years through some programs such as the 2008 Thousand Talents Program; 2010 Thousand Young Talents Program; 2011 Thousand Foreign Experts Program; 2011 Special Talent Zone and the 2012 Ten Thousand Talent Plan. The purpose of those programs was to attract Chinese migrants return back and contribute their talent for the development of nation. In 2008, over 3,300 Chinese highly skilled professional returned back their home countries by The Thousand Talents  Program (United Nations Chronicle (2013)). Consequently, the problem of brain drain would not be a matter of concern of migration from developing countries to developed countries. Another issues are migration can reduce poverty in developing countries. At national level, remittances from international migrants have considerable effect on poverty. According a survey of Adams and Page (2005) which crossing 71 countries, investigated that every 10% of increasing in official international remittances per capita causes decline of 3.5% in people living poverty. Furthermore, international remittances was proved as a method for â€Å" deep and severity of poverty† in Latin America, East – West and South Africa, South Asia and other religion (Adams 1991; Adams 2006; Ajayi et al. 2009; Anyanwu and Erhijakpor 2010; Fajnzylber and Lopez 2007; Gupta et al. 2007; Lachaud 1999). In Nepal, national poverty rate decreased from 42% in 1995-1996 to 31% in 2003-2004 because of growing significantly in remittances (World Bank 2006). In addition, remittances were responsible for considerable reduction on poverty at family level. In South Africa, remittances from migrants accounted for 32% of household income in rural (Rwelamira and Kirsten 2003). In overall migrant household income in the four districts of Bangladesh, 55% of its were from international remittances (Siddiqui & Abrar 2003). According to the IOM household remittance survey of Bangladesh (2009) investigated that remittances were cause of 20% migrant household who have increased household income at least once. Dang & et all (2010) found that families have members which are migrant can earn more money and save it better than family with no migrants. In Ghana, the impact of economic shocks on household welfare had already decreased significantly due to remittances (Kwankye and Anarfi 2011). On the other hand, some studies found that international remittances are likely to increase income inequality. In 2006, base on data of household survey in Ghana, Adams investigated that Gini index is a standard measure of income inequality, increased from 0.402 to 0.413 when remittances are included in family income. Furthermore, richer family received remittances much more than poorer family in Eastern European and former Soviet Union (World Bank, 2007). Milanovic (1987) also support for this idea after using panel date from the 1973, 1978 and 1983 Yugoslavian household survey, the inequality is increased due to international remittances. According to Stahl (1982) and Lipton (1980)  migration tend to increase inequality in rural areas because only wealthy families can give facilities for searching better change for family’s members in urban or aboard. In addition, a study of Adams (1989) indicated increasing inequality has happened Egypt because of international remittances. It has argued that international remittances have no impact to increase significantly income inequality, even decrease income inequality index. In 2006, Mckenzie analyzed data of 214 cities with population less than 100,000 people and investigated that migration is a cause of increasing income inequality in the early period but as levels of migration increase, remittances tend to reduce income inequality. Additionally, a survey conducted in Philippines by Yang and Martinez (2006) with a sample group of 26,121 families, which showed that the impact of international remittances on income equality was not statistically significant. Moreover, other report also indicated that remittances have positive effect to increase income and decrease income inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean (Acosta & et al, 2007). In another recent study, Gubert, Lassourd and Mesplà ©-Somps (2009) found that poverty rates in Mali decreased from 16% to 11% and income inequality by about 5%. Similarly, remittances have been toward for improving the welfare of poorer rural households (Stark and Taylor (1989); Adams (1991)). Therefore, international remittances have impact of decreasing income equality in developing countries. Migration is not problem for one country or one area of the world. Furthermore, migration has both positive and negative effect to country of origin and destination. However, the fact is that developing countries continue to face challenges to brain drain and income inequality caused by migration. In addition international remittances from migrant sending their home countries help to reduce poverty at nation and family level. At the same time, migration from developing countries provides a huge proportion of worker for labor shortage in developed countries. Migration is benefit to the social and economy. This is to say; migration from developing countries to developed countries should not be stopped because of reducing poverty and providing employees for labor shortage. Reference: Acosta, P., Fajnzylber, P and Lopez, J. H. (2007). The Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Human Capital: Evidence from Latin American Household Surveys. World Bank Policy Research Working, paper 4247, June. Adams, R., H., Jr. 1989. Worker Remittances and Inequality in Rural Egypt. Economic Development and Cultural Change 38, No. 1: 45-71. Adams, R., H., Jr. 1991. The Effects of International Remittances on Poverty, Inequality, and Development in Rural Egypt. IFPRI Research Report 86, Washington: IFPRI Adams, R. H. Jr 2006. Remittances and poverty in Ghana. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3838. Washington, DC: World Bank. African Renaissance Ambassador (n.d). Brain drain in Africa.. Last viewed 26 June 2014, from http://www.aracorporation.org/files/factsandfigures.pdf Biffl, G (n.d). Labour market integration of low skilled migrants in Europe: economic impact. Last viewed 26 June 2014, from http://migrationfiles.ucdavis.edu/uploads/rs/files/2012/ciip/biffl-eu-lowskilledmigrants.pdf Clemens, M. 2007. Do Visas Kill? Health Effects of African Health Professional Emigration. CGD Working Paper, No. 114, Center for Global Development, Washington DC. Grieco, E. & Ray, B. 2004. Mexican immigrants in the United States labor force. Last viewed 26 June 2014, from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/mexican-immigrants-us-labor-force Gubert, F.; T. Lassourd; and S. Mesplà ©-Somps. 2009. Do remittances affect poverty and inequality?: Evidence from Mali. Last view 29 June 2014 from http://gdri.dreem.free.fr/wp-content/gubert_lassourd_mesple-somps_paper.pdf Eurostat, (2013). Labor force survey: Foreign citixens accounted for 7% of total employment in the Eu27 in 2012. Last viewed 29 June 2014, from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-07062013-BP/EN/3-07062013-BP-EN.PDF Hall, M., Singer, A., Jong, F. F. D, and Graefe, D. R 2011. The geography of immigration skills: Educational profiles of metropolitan areas. Last viewed 26 June 2014, from http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2011/06/immigrants-singer International Business Leader (2010). Business and migration: from risk to opportunity. Last viewed 29 June 2014, from http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.gbsnonline.org/resource/collection/C6833BC0-02C0-42E2-8804-5FAB1D3B217B/BusinessAndMigration.pdf Lipton. M. (1980), â€Å"Migration from Rural Areas of Poor Countries: The Impact of Rural Productivity and Income Distribution†, World Development, Vol. 8, 1 – 24. Lucas ,R.E.B 2006. Migrations and Economic Development in Africa: A Review of Evidence. Journal of African Economies, Vol. 15, AERC Supplement 2, pp. 337-395. McKenzie, D. (2006), â€Å"Beyond Remittances: The Effects of Migration on Mexican Households†, in C. Ozden and M. Schiff (eds), International Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain, World Bank, Washington, DC Milanovic, B. 1987.Patterns of Regional Growth in Yugoslavia, 1952-1983, Journal of Development Economics, vol. 25, pp. 1-19. Newland, K. (2003). Migrantion as a factor in development and poverty reduction. Last viewed 29 June 2014, from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migration-factor-development-and-poverty-reduction Singer. E 2012. Immigration workers in the U.S labor force. Last viewed 26 June 2014, from http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2012/03/15-immigrant-workers-singer Siddiqui, T. (2012). Impact of migration on poverty and development. Last viewed 29 June 2014, from http://migratingoutofpoverty.dfid.gov.uk/files/file.php?name=wp2-impact-of-migration-on-poverty-and-development.pdf&site=354 Stahl, C., (1982). Labor Emigration and Economic Development, International Migration Review, Vol. 16, 868 – 99. Stark, O and Taylor J. E. (1989), â€Å"Relative Deprivation and International Migration†, Demography, vol 22, 1 – 4. Theguardian, (2010). Migrants send home three times more money than countries receive in developed aid, says World Bank. Last view 29 June 2014, from http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2010/nov/10/migrants-send-money-home-aid United Nations Chronicle (2013). China’s return migration and its impact on home development. Last viewed 26 June 2014, from http://unchronicle.un.org/article/chinas-return-migration-and-its-impact-home-development/ United Nations (2013) Number of international migrants rise above 232 million. Last viewed 30 June 2014, from http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/number-of-international-migrants-rises.html Unesco (n.d). From brain drain. Last view 29 June 2014, from http://www.unesco.org/education/education_today/brain.pdf World Bank (2007a), Migration and Remittances: Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. World Bank, Washington DC. Yang, D., and C. Martinez (2006), â€Å"Remittances and Poverty In Migrants’ Home Areas: Evidence from the Philippines†, in C. Ozden and M. Schiff (eds), International Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain, World Bank,