Nonrenewable And Renewable Energy Nonrenewable Energy

To be able to do anything in the world today the use of energy comes in play. Driving your car, turning on lights, and even turning on the water to take a shower are all forms of energy we use daily. Some tasks we do daily can use different types of energy. The two different types of energy make the world go around. Without the significance of nonrenewable and renewable energy, the world would never be able to function. Though some energy such as nonrenewable energy can be harmful to the environment, it is still used every day. Renewable energy is a safer route because it does not hurt the environment but indeed can be more costly. Nonrenewable and renewable energy can do a lot with helping and hurting the environment. Nonrenewable is a type of energy that cannot renew itself. According to the U.S Energy Information Administration, different natural resources such as coal, oil, natural gas, and many others take thousands of years to form naturally. Nonrenewable resources are known to not be able to replace themselves as fast as the resources are consumed. According to the article â€Å"Non-renewable Energy† in the National Geographic website, millions of years ago before dinosaurs the earth had a total different landscape. The earth was covered with shallow seas and swampy forests. In the wet lands plant life was created. Algae and plankton absorbed sunlight and ended up creating energy through photosynthesis. After these plants would die their organisms would drift to theShow MoreRelatedRenewable Energy Through Feed On Tariffs And Taxes1263 Words   |  6 Pagesdebated on whether or not nonrenewable energy such as fossil fuel has caused global warming. Sakamoto and Managi (2016) believe f ossil fuel is the likely reason that temperatures have been rising from greenhouse gases, increasing the CO2 emissions (p. 1). 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Tbsc Compensator For Online Starting Of Induction Motors Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2712 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Abstract This paper presents a topology for direct online starting of Induction Motors (I.M.s) using Thyristor Binary Switched Capacitor (TBSC) compensator operating in closed loop. TBSC is based on a chain of Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) banks arranged in binary sequential manner. A transient free switching of TBSCs is carried out. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Tbsc Compensator For Online Starting Of Induction Motors Business Essay" essay for you Create order Proposed topology allows switching in/out of capacitor banks according to the reactive power requirement of induction motors in very fast responding closed loop. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve reactive power compensation in cycle to cycle basis. Proposed scheme can be used for direct online starting of I.M.s with voltage sag mitigation at starting, which helps improving stability of the system and Power Factor (P.F.) improvement in steady state. Keywords Reactive power compensation, TBSC, transient free switching, voltage sag, Power Factor Introduction Induction motors (I.M.) constitute a large portion of power system. Three-phase induction motors represent the most significant load in the industrial plants, over the half of the delivered electrical energy [1]. Starting of induction motor may cause a problem of voltage sag in the power system. The IEEE defines voltage sag as: A decrease to between 0.1 and 0.9 p.u. in rms voltage or current at the power frequency for durations of 0.5 cycle to 1 min [2]. An induction motor at rest can be modeled as a transformer with the secondary winding short circuited. Thus when full voltage is applied, a heavy inrush current (of 6 to 10 times the rated value) is drawn from the power system that causes voltage sag. As the motor accelerates and attains the rated speed, the inrush current decays and the system voltage recovers [3]. Voltage sag can cause mal-operation of voltage sensitive devices such as computers, relays, programmable logic controllers etc. [chetan]. Also because of the highly ind uctive nature of the motor circuit at rest, the power factor is very low, usually of the order of 10 to 20 percent [3]. Thus reactive power demand at the starting of I.M. is very high and it reduces as motor picks up the speed. There are several solutions to minimize this problem, the most common are [5]: reactor start, auto transformer start, delta-wye start, capacitor start, soft starter, frequency variable driver (FVD) etc. All these methods except capacitor start are based on a motor terminal voltage reduction to decrease the rotor current, reducing the line voltage drop [5]. Problem with this method of starting is that the motor torque is directly proportional to the square of the supply voltage hence decrease in the motor terminal voltage will cause the motor torque to decrease, which may be insufficient for driving the required load [6]. Soft starter and frequency variable driver methods are the most expensive and complex, requiring more expert maintenance [7]. In capacitor s tart system, reactive current required by the motor during acceleration is supplied by capacitors which reduce the source current. This in turn reduces the magnitude of voltage sag in the system. Capacitor start method has a lower cost in comparison with other methods however one has to consider the transitory effects of switching of capacitor banks [3]. An alternative solution without motor terminal voltage reduction was proposed using Static VAR Compensator (SVC) in [8]. In [9] different topology of SVC without using thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) was proposed which has advantage of reduction in both cost as well as harmonics produced by TCR. This paper presents a simple topology, which is shown in Fig.1. TBSC Compensator Induction Motor n Induction Motor 2 Vs Induction Motor 1E:M.Tech DissertationSmart DrawNewI.MIMMain-Diagram.tif Fig. 1 Proposed topology. C.T. Current Transformer P.T. Potential Transformer TBSC Thyristor Binary Switched Capacitor C Capacitor Value Distribution Transformer Point Of Common Coupling (PCC) C.T. P.T. 27 C 22 C 21 C 20 C I CONTROLLER 8 TBSC Banks V Induction MotorsE:M.Tech DissertationSmart DrawNewController_I.M.tif Fig.2 TBSC compensator for direct online starting of induction motor. The proposed scheme consists of Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) banks in binary sequential steps [9] known as Thyristor Binary Switched Capacitor (TBSC) which are used for direct online starting of induction motor. The proposed topology has following distinctive features: 1) Transient free switching of capacitors is carried out. 2) Reactive power compensation is achieved in cycle by cycle basis. 3) Low cost 4) Closed loop operation is achieved using controller 5) Can be used to start more than one induction motor. 6) Can be implemented at the Point of common coupling (PCC) without disturbing the existing starting techniques. The theme of this paper deals with the proposed topology, description of controller and presentation of simulation results. Proposed Topology Description TBSC compensator connected at the point of common coupling (PCC) for direct online starting of induction motors is shown in Fig.2. The operating principle of TBSC and controller is outlined in the following sections. TBSC TBSC consists of an anti-parallel connected thyristor and diode as a bidirectional switch in series with a capacitor and a current limiting small reactor. Transient free switching of capacitors is obtained by satisfying following two conditions [10]: Firing the thyristors at the negative/positive peak of supply voltage Precharging the Capacitors to the negative/positive peak of supply voltage TSC current is sinusoidal and free from harmonics, thus eliminating the need for any filters. Small-series inductor is placed in series with capacitor. It serves following purposes [11]: It limits current transients if capacitors are switched at inappropriate instants. The chosen inductor magnitude gives a natural resonant frequency of many times the system nominal frequency. This ensures that the inductance neither creates a harmonic resonant circuit with the network nor affects the TSC control system. In the proposed scheme capacitor bank step values are chosen in bin ary sequence weights to make the resolution small. If such n capacitor steps are used then 2n different compensation levels can be provided [12]. In this paper eight TBSC banks are arranged as 2.5: 5: 10: 20: 40: 80: 160: 320 KVAR in star connected with neutral grounded configuration. CONTROLLER Controller is the heart of compensator. Voltage V and current I at PCC are sensed by Potential Transformer (P.T.) and Current Transformer (C.T.) respectively and given to controller. Controller determines the value of reactive power required to achieve the desired power factor and then generates the control signals (gate signals) which are given to TBSC banks. Controller Description Reactive Power demand of I.M.s QMotor Transient Free Switching QTBSC QActual PI Controller _ Q Sensing + QRef _ + TBSC Banks ADCC:UsersIrfanAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordClosed Loop_TSC2.tif Fig. 3 TBSC closed loop operation. A block diagram of TBSC compensator operating in closed loop is shown in Fig. 3. Reference reactive power, QRef is calculated from the desired power factor (If unity power factor is required then Qref will be set to zero). Actual reactive power at PCC, QActual depends on the number of motors switched in the system. QActual is calculated by sensing voltage and current at PCC by P.T. and C.T. respectively. Error signal between QRef and QActual is given to PI controller. Discrete PI controller is used. Output of PI controller is given to ADC and its output is given to TBSC banks in such a way that no transients occur. Switching in/out of capacitor banks is decided by the controller. At the time of starting of I.M.s reactive power demand is large hence higher capacitor banks will be switched in while as motor reaches the rated spe ed only few lower capacitor banks will remain connected at the PCC. In this way closed loop operation of TBSC banks for direct online starting of I.M.s is achieved. Simulation Results MATLAB/SIMULINK software is used for simulation. Data used in the simulation is shown below. Source Voltage V = 400 V, Rs = 0.0287ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦, Ls = 0.20471mH Induction motor (I.M.) 3 identical I.M.s are used in the simulation which are switched on at t = 0 sec, 0.8 sec and 1.6 sec respectively. For Simulation purpose at 1.6 sec, two 50 h.p. motors are switched on simultaneously to get 100 h.p. load. Parameters of each I.M. are shown in Table I. TABLE I. Parameters Of Induction Motor Sr. No. Parameter Values 1. Voltage (line-line) 400 V 2. Frequency 50 Hz 3. Nominal power 50 h.p. 4. Speed 1480 r.p.m. TABLE II. Values Of Eight Tbsc Banks Sr. No. Q (in KVAR) C (in  µF) L (in mH) 1. 2.5 50 0.10775 2. 5 100 0.0538 3. 10 200 0.0269 4. 20 400 0.0134 5. 40 800 0.0067 6. 80 1600 0.0033 7. 160 3200 0.0016 8. 320 6400 0.00084 TBSC banks Eight TBSC banks are used in the simulation whose values are shown in Table II. Direct online induction motor starting without TBSC compensator Fig. 4 shows the waveform of motor line voltage. When I.M.1 is switched on at t=0sec, the motor line voltage drops to 351V i.e. voltage sag of 11.14% takes place. Line voltage returns to steady value of 395V in 0.5sec. When I.M.2 is switched on at t=0.8sec, the motor line voltage drops to 349V i.e. voltage sag of 11.64% takes place. Line voltage returns to steady value of 392V in 0.5sec. When I.M.3 is switched on at t=1.6sec, the motor line voltage drops to 309V i.e. voltage sag of 21.77% takes place. Line voltage returns to steady value of 382V in 0.7sec. E:M.Tech DissertationMATLABM-FilesMatlab figureI.MI.M. NewVs_WithoutTBSC.tif Fig. 4 Motor line voltage without TBSC compensator. E:M.Tech DissertationMATLABM-FilesMatlab figureI.MI.M. NewQ_Without.tif Fig.5 Reactive power variation of I.M. without TBSC compensator. C:UsersIrfanAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordI_Without.tif Fig.6 Motor line current without TBSC compensator. C:Use rsIrfanAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordN_Without1.tif Fig.7 Speed of motors without TBSC compensator. Fig. 5 shows the variation of reactive power with time. When I.M.1 and 2 is switched on at t= 0sec and 0.8sec respectively, reactive power demand is around 250 KVAR at starting period. Reactive power demand is around 380 KVAR when I.M.3 is switched on at t=1.6 sec. It is seen that reactive power demand is very high at the time of starting of motor and it reduces as the motor reaches the steady state condition. Because of high reactive power requirement at start voltage drops as shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 6 shows the variation of motor current with time. When I.M.1 and 2 is switched on at t= 0sec and 0.8 sec respectively, current is around 500 A at starting period while at the time of starting of I.M. 3 it is around 1000 A. It is seen that when motor is switched on, current is very large at the starting period and it reduces as motor attains steady speed. Fig. 7 shows the variation of motor speed with time. When I.M.1 is switched on at t= 0sec it achieves rated speed in 0.6 sec. I.M.2 is switched on at t=0.8 sec and it achieves rated speed in 0.6 sec. At the time of switching of I.M.2 speed of I.M.1 drops to 1460 rpm for very short duration of about one cycle. I.M.3 is switched on at t=1.6 sec and it achieves rated speed in 0.8 sec. At the time of switching of I.M.3 speed of I.M.1 and I.M.2 drops to 1442 rpm for very short duration of about one cycle. Direct online induction motor starting with TBSC compensator Discrete PI controller with KP = 0.54 and KI = 25 and 8 bit ADC is used in simulation. Waveforms of I.M. reactive power demand QMotor and reactive power given by TBSC QTBSC are shown in Fig. 8. From simulation results it is seen that QTBSC closely follows QMotor and actual reactive power QActual at PCC is approximately zero at all times. Thus power factor is maintained near unity at all time. The small error is due to the binary switching arrangement of TSCs. Fig. 9 shows the motor line voltage with TBSC compensator. When I.M.1 is switched on at t=0sec, motor line voltage drops to 389V i.e. small voltage sag of 2.01% takes place for a duration of 0.4sec. Line voltage returns to steady value of 400V in 0.4sec. When I.M.2 is switched on at t=0.8sec, the motor line voltage drops to 377V i.e. voltage sag of 5.3% takes place for a duration of 0.4 sec. Line voltage returns to E:M.Tech DissertationMATLABM-FilesMatlab figureI.MI.M. NewQ_New_IM.tif Fig.8 Waveforms of QMotor and QTB SC. E:M.Tech DissertationMATLABM-FilesMatlab figureI.MI.M. NewVs_WithTBSC.tif Fig. 9 Motor line voltage with TBSC compensator. steady value of 396V in 0.4sec. When I.M.3 is switched on at t=1.6sec, the motor line voltage drops to 360V i.e. voltage sag of 7.92% takes place for a duration of 0.65 sec. Line voltage returns to steady value of 391V in 0.7sec. These results show that with TBSC compensator there is considerable reduction in voltage sag and there is improvement in the voltage profile. Fig. 10 shows the comparison of motor line voltage with and without TBSC compensator. Current waveforms through all TSC banks and total compensating current (of R phase) are shown in Fig. 11 which are free from harmonics and have negligibly small transients only at few switching instants. E:M.Tech DissertationMATLABM-FilesMatlab figureI.MI.M. NewVs_WithoutTBSC.tif E:M.Tech DissertationMATLABM-FilesMatlab figureI.MI.M. NewVs_WithTBSC.tif Fig. 10 Motor line voltage wit hout TBSC compensator (Top) and with TBSC compensator (Bottom). C:UsersIrfanAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordI_All_TSC1.tif C:UsersIrfanAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordI_All_TSC2.tif Fig. 11 Current waveforms through all TSC banks and total compensating current (of R phase only). E:M.Tech DissertationMATLABM-FilesMatlab figureI.MI.M. NewIs_Ic_Im.tif Fig. 12 Simulation results showing waveforms of motor current, total compensating current and source current in A (of R phase only). C:UsersIrfanAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordN.TIF Fig.13 Simulation results showing speed of Motors with TBSC compensator. Fig. 12 shows the waveforms of motor current, total compensating current and source current. From these results it is clear that the total compensating current i.e. current flowing through all TBSC banks is almost equal to the motor current. Source current at the instan t of switching of I.M.1 and I.M.2 (i.e. at t=0 sec and t= 0.8 sec) is around 300 A. While at the instant of switching of I.M.3 is around 700 A. These results show that with TBSC compensator there is considerable reduction in source current magnitude. This leads to reduction in voltage sag as shown in Fig. 10. Fig. 13 shows the variation of motor speed with time. When I.M.1 is switched on at t=0sec it achieves rated speed in 0.5 sec. I.M.2 is switched on at t=0.8 sec and it achieves rated speed in 0.5 sec. At the time of switching of I.M.2 speed of I.M.1 drops to 1460 rpm for v ery short duration of about one cycle. I.M.3 is switched on at t=1.6 sec and it achieves rated speed in 0.6 sec. At the time of switching of I.M.3 speed of I.M.1 and I.M.2 drops to 1442 rpm for very short duration of about one cycle. Comparisons of results with and without TBSC Compensator are shown in Table III. TABLE III. Comparison Of Results With and Without TBSC Compensator Sr. No. Parameter Without TBSC Compensator With TBSC Compensator I.M.1 (50 h.p.) I.M.2 (50 h.p.) I.M.3 (100 h.p.) I.M.1 (50 h.p.) I.M.2 (50 h.p.) I.M.3 (100 h.p.) 1 Switching instant (in sec) 0.0 0.8 1.6 0.0 0.8 1.6 2 % Voltage sag 11.14 11.64 21.77 2.01 5.3 7.92 3 Reactive power at starting (in KVAR) 250 250 380 Closely matches with the required value 4 Starting current (in A) 500 500 1000 300 300 700 Conclusion A topology for direct online starting of induction motors using TBSC compensator was presented. TSC bank step values were chosen in binary sequence weights to make the resolution small in order to achieve almost stepless reactive power compensation. Harmonic contents in source current were negligibly small. With the use of TBSC compensator; voltage sag magnitude gets reduced as well as voltage profile was improved. Controller operates in a closed loop to determine the number of capacitor units to be switched in the system. At the time of starting of I.M.s higher capacitor banks were switched in the system while once the motor reaches the rated speed only few lower capacitor banks will remain connected at the PCC. Thus at all times power factor was maintained near unity. The proposed scheme is effective during both steady state and transient conditions. Separate starting method for individual induction motors can be avoided and many motors can be started direct online using the prop osed scheme as long as TBSC banks are capable of supplying the required reactive power demand.

Business Impact Analysis Asset Identification And...

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INTRODUCTION: At a certain point in time, every organization has to take steps to change/improve itself and its processes to comply with its own goals and that of its clients. The ultimate goal of a business is growth and that can be done in a continuous or a phased fashion. Everyone in the organization tries to hold on to their known state of operations

Raver Subculture free essay sample

Over the past few years, an interesting focus has developed among our youth subculture in American society today. I have been interested in how the rave subculture has come into existence, and how they are able to maintain their unanimity and cohesiveness. This subculture mainly consists of people who go to raves, also known as, underground dance parties where people go to hear techno (electronically produced) music and have intense experiences, which they feel are self-transforming.The raves use an emotionally laden jargon to attempt to explain the intensity of their experiences to the unconverted. I felt that by researching the rave succubus True could come to a conclusion as to why raves are choosing to use ecstasy as their choice of drug and the effects of it. There has been a great deal of research into how the rave subculture came into being from organization around music, to drugs, and countercultures norms and deviant practices in society. While there have been efforts to look at the interrelations between language, culture, and identity, most of this research in these areas has not looked into the process of language formation and the ways in which existing engages are altered to fit new constantly changing roles, perceptions, and identities. However, my research will put emphasize on how in this subculture there is a constant presence of innovation and experimentation involved in language as well as, the illegal use of ecstasy. I will also focus on how the use of ecstasy is shifting the direction of social change. (Discuss 2 Articles-Astor) In the U. S. The subculture has been branded by the mainstream media and law enforcement agencies as a purely drug-centric culture similar to the hippies of the sass. As a result, suspect that raves will be effectively run out of business in many areas in the years to come. Furthermore, the rave subculture is aware that in rejecting existing linguistic practices, they are also challenging the norms and worldviews that they are suppose to.Linguistic innovation is a way of testing pathways of development for linguistic systems, attempting to find vectors which may meet future cultural demands and point to new directions of social change. To accurately asses this subculture will be using participant and observation methods. I started my research by owning out to a rave, with a well known DC playing, at Light Lounge. The night started late at around 1 1 :Pop. M. Enjoyed a few drinks while I was observing how raves interact with one another. The first thing I noticed is how this subculture dressed in bright colored child-like clothing.Raves use pacifiers in their mouth to fight off the sensation given to them by taking the drug ecstasy. Light shows intensify how the raves interact with one another, allowing them to hit the dance floor and express themselves by dancing with others. Raves that I spoke with at the club said they liked techno music more cause it lets your mind fill in the blanks. Raves also claimed that when they danced in large groups, listening to techno, taking EXT, they were able to see the true meanings behind the music through intense synthetic experiences.In turn, it created a separate stimulation in conjunction with the visual displays (lasers, holograms, strobes, videos, etc. ) at rave. The raves felt that the music has a deep psychological and emotional impact on the listener, and that each of the different kinds of techno resonates with different aspects of a persons being. Ambient is cerebral, aimed at the mind, hardcore techno is kinetic and aimed at the feet, compared to club and jungle music being instead more soulful, aimed at the spirit. Although, much of the rave jargon revolves around identifying the various subgroups found at rave parties (zippiest and Goths) and the submerges of techno music, as well as code words revolving around rolling or the use of Exotic or MADAM and other drugs at raves. But more importantly, observed raves language revolving around artfully crafted slangs to describe the sublime emotional tutus raves feel they experience at raves. Raving, after all, is the way most people refer to as forms of exhilarated, uncontrolled, modes of speech found in fanatics of all forms.However, the raves demonstrate that this is how the rave party makes them feel by dancing all night long. Claiming that Ordinary language is far too impoverished, rave talk uses a series of imaginative adjectives and nouns referring to things that the outsider couldnt possibly comprehend. Raves talk about each person having a unique vibration or frequency that is transformed by the music, and how roofs of people gather in synch ronous dance forms a self-iterative fractal of harmonious motion.The rave is supposed to take people of all races, colors, and nationalities and unite them into a consciousness synchronized around the pulsating rhythm of techno music. However, rave music is said to be able to breakdown boundaries and those of self-limitation, and of alienation from others. Most importantly, raves constantly are at work innovating new elements of language for creating a subcultures identity at Odds with dominant self-images and norms.What I have been trying to emphasize throughout this paper is the fact that, just as a certain element of creativity and artifice might be involved in a techno song, there is an element of playfulness and experimentation in the design of language among youth. New subcultures jargon dont just appear out of the unconscious without prompting the earlier youth subculture. To these appropriations, there is a constant process of innovation, in which people are adding terms out of a need to describe their feelings within their subculture sentiments, behaviors, and fluctuating identities.The subcultures jargon dont exist merely to alienate the outsider, they are there to be able to explore and probe new possi bilities and options for the larger mainstream culture as a whole. Furthermore, this causes social change in its entirety. People are self-aware of their own languages, and what they may see as its limitations or insufficiencies, depending on their self-concept. The subcultures jargon is a linguistic laboratory because inevitably subcultures terms are filtering out to the culture at large and in a sense shape the worldview and perceptions of societies.